Google Scholar has been criticized for not vetting journals and for including predatory journals in its index. This estimate also determined how many documents were freely available on the internet. An earlier statistical estimate published in PLOS One using a mark and recapture method estimated approximately 80–90% coverage of all articles published in English with an estimate of 100 million. For content to be indexed in Google Scholar, it must meet certain specified criteria.
Google Scholar uses a web crawler, or web robot, to identify files for inclusion in the search results. Released in beta in November 2004, the Google Scholar index includes peer-reviewed online academic journals and books, conference papers, theses and dissertations, preprints, abstracts, technical reports, and other scholarly literature, including court opinions and patents.
Google Scholar is a freely accessible web search engine that indexes the full text or metadata of scholarly literature across an array of publishing formats and disciplines.
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